Cancer treatment is a daunting journey, not only because of the disease itself but also due to the side effects that accompany therapies like chemotherapy and targeted treatments. While chemotherapy remains a mainstay in cancer care, targeted therapies are gaining traction for their ability to zero in on cancer cells, offering more precise treatment with fewer side effects. 

In this article, we’ll explore what to expect from these therapies, how to manage side effects, and how to prepare for this challenging experience.

What is chemotherapy, and how does it work?

Chemotherapy is a systemic treatment designed to destroy rapidly dividing cancer cells. This treatment can target cells throughout the body, not just those in the tumour, making it effective for cancers that have spread. Chemotherapy medications work by attacking cells that are growing and dividing quickly, a hallmark of cancer cells. 

However, normal, healthy cells that also divide rapidly, such as those in the digestive tract, hair follicles, and bone marrow, can also be affected, leading to side effects.

What are the common side effects of chemotherapy?

The side effects of chemotherapy differ depending on the medications used, the dosage, and the individual’s overall health. Some of the most common side effects include:

1. Fatigue: One of the most common and debilitating side effects of chemotherapy is fatigue. This may be due to a combination of factors, including the body’s response to the medicines, anaemia, and psychological stress. Patients often feel weak, tired, or physically drained.

2. Nausea and Vomiting: These are perhaps the most well-known side effects of chemotherapy. While medications can help manage nausea, some patients may still experience discomfort, especially with certain chemotherapy regimens.

3. Hair Loss: Chemotherapy attacks all rapidly dividing cells, including those in hair follicles. As a result, hair loss is a common side effect, often occurring within a few weeks of treatment. This can be an emotionally distressing experience, but hair typically regrows once treatment ends.

4. Suppressed Immune System: Chemotherapy can lower white blood cell counts, which may make patients more vulnerable to infections. Regular blood tests help doctors monitor this, and they may prescribe medications to boost white blood cell production or adjust treatment schedules.

5. Mouth Sores and Digestive Issues: Chemotherapy can cause painful sores in the mouth and throat, along with digestive issues such as diarrhoea or constipation. Maintaining proper oral hygiene and adjusting the diet can provide some relief.

6. Neuropathy: Some chemotherapy medications can cause nerve damage, resulting in tingling, numbness, or pain, particularly in the hands and feet. This condition, known as neuropathy, can range from mild to severe.

What is done in targeted therapy?

Targeted therapy, on the other hand, is a newer approach that focuses on the specific molecular and genetic changes in cancer cells. Unlike chemotherapy, which attacks all continuously dividing cells, targeted therapy is designed to interrupt specific processes in cancer cells that allow them to grow uncontrollably. 

By targeting the cancer at its molecular level, these therapies often have fewer side effects than chemotherapy.

Avastin injection containing Bevacizumab is a targeted therapy that inhibits blood vessel growth and “starving” tumours by blocking the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). While effective in treating cancers like colorectal, lung, and kidney cancer, it can cause side effects that patients should be aware of.

Some common Avastin injection side effects include:

• High blood pressure: Bevacizumab can cause an increase in blood pressure, which may require regular monitoring and management.
• Bleeding or bruising: Because it affects blood vessels, it may increase the risk of bleeding, resulting in easy bruising or more severe complications.
• Protein in urine: In some cases, it can cause kidney problems, which may be indicated by the presence of protein in the urine.
• Gastrointestinal issues: Abdominal pain, nausea, or diarrhoea may occur during treatment.
• Fatigue and headache: As with many cancer therapies, fatigue and headaches are common symptoms, though they tend to be milder compared to those caused by chemotherapy.

What are the side effects of targeted therapy?

Targeted therapies like Bevacizumab are more precise but still carry potential side effects, which vary by medicine and individual health. Common side effects include:

• Skin rashes: Skin reactions, including rash, dryness, or irritation, are common, particularly with medicines that target the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR).
• Liver issues: Some targeted therapies can affect liver function, which may be detected through blood tests.
• Diarrhoea: This can be a significant issue with certain targeted therapies and may require medication to control.
• Fatigue and weakness: Similar to chemotherapy, targeted therapy can cause feelings of exhaustion, which may be prolonged throughout treatment.

How do you manage side effects of chemotherapy and targeted therapy?

Whether you are undergoing chemotherapy or targeted therapy, there are various strategies for managing the side effects and maintaining quality of life. Here are a few approaches to help mitigate some of the common effects:

1. For Fatigue: It’s important to get plenty of rest, maintain a balanced diet, and avoid overexertion. Light physical exercise, such as walking, can also help improve energy levels.

2. For Nausea and Vomiting: Your doctor may prescribe anti-nausea medications, and it may help to eat smaller, more frequent meals and avoid strong odours. Staying hydrated is crucial, particularly when experiencing vomiting.

3. For Hair Loss: While chemotherapy-induced hair loss is often temporary, patients can opt for wigs, scarves, or hats. Some find comfort in joining support groups where hair loss is openly discussed.

4. For Skin Reactions: Keep the skin moisturised, avoid excessive sun exposure, and use mild, fragrance-free soaps to reduce irritation. If rashes persist, speak with your doctor about adjusting treatment or medications.

5. For Mouth Sores: Maintaining good oral hygiene, using saltwater rinses, and avoiding acidic foods can help soothe mouth sores. In some cases, medication may be prescribed to alleviate pain and prevent infection.

Wrapping up

Managing the side effects of cancer treatments, including chemotherapy and targeted therapies, requires proactive planning and communication with healthcare providers. While chemotherapy can be challenging, modern medications can help manage side effects, and targeted therapies offer precision with fewer risks but still require close monitoring. 

Patients should stay informed, discuss potential side effects with their doctors, and seek support from loved ones and cancer support groups to navigate the treatment journey effectively.